Impact of Breast Cancer

Effect of Breast Cancer Free Online Research Papers It was a pleasant September day when I was fifteen years of age. My folks disclosed to me they had something genuine to let me know. My brain was dashing. It could be separate, however I didn’t think along these lines, my folks are content. It may be the case that we are moving or somebody near me kicked the bucket. At that point, they let me know, that two or three weeks prior my mom discovered that she had bosom malignant growth. I was terrified and stunned. I had no clue about what to think. I was puzzled. I went down to my room that night and wept hysterically. I was so frightened of what would occur. Simply pondering how my mother could bite the dust from this, was the most startling thing I have ever envisioned, and it resembled it was working out as expected. I battled the following week, particularly in school. I cried pretty much consistently that week. My mom thought I had no feeling about it, yet that was false. I just didn’t need her to feel extraordinary. I needed to treat her like she was typical. I simply didn't need her to feel like as long as I can remember was changing a result of her. The following couple of weeks my mom experienced two distinct medical procedures. At that point she began chemotherapy. She began losing her hair. That was a genuine intense time in her life, she separated, and I truly must be there for her. I advised her, â€Å"Losing your hair is superior to kicking the bucket. You have had forty-two years of good and terrible hair days. One year without hair won't slaughter you, however keep you around. At that point you will have forty additional long stretches of hair.† After that she experienced radiation. She is disappearing and needs to take pills for a couple of more years to fend the malignant growth off. It has been three years and she is obvious from all disease, however has side influences regularly from what she experienced to dispose of the malignant growth. This isn't the main lady experienci ng malignant growth. Bosom malignancy is the most widely recognized sort of disease in ladies, it represents one of each three determinations in the United States. Bosom diseases are malignancies, perilous tumors that creates in one or the two bosoms. A female bosom comprises of greasy and sinewy connective tissues. The inside of the bosom is separated into around twenty unique segments called projections. Every one of the projections is additionally isolated in to lobules, which are structures that contain little milk-creating organs. These organs place the milk into small channels. These pipes take the milk all through the bosom and store in a chamber situated underneath the areola. Bosom malignant growth can either be intrusive (spreading) or noninvasive (non-spreading). An obtrusive malignant growth enters the mass of a channel. This sort of disease is the most widely recognized, establishing around 70% all things considered. Penetrating lobular disease that spreads through a mass of a lobule represe nts around eight percent of all bosom malignant growth. This sort is probably going to show up in both of the bosoms, regularly in seven separate areas. The reason for bosom malignancy is obscure yet scientists are recommending that estrogen, a hormone delivered by the ovaries, might be included. Contemplated propose that the more extended a lady is presented to the hormone (for example In the event that she begins to bleed before the age of twelve or on the off chance that she experienced menopause after the age of fifty-five and additionally had youngsters after the age of thirty) are at a more serious hazard. There are a wide range of choices for bosom malignancy patients. At the point when a lady is determined to have bosom malignancy the initial phase in treatment is generally medical procedure. Medical procedure evacuates the malignant growth tumor and on occasion the choice is made to expel the whole bosom. For some ladies the medical procedure is a life changing change that can create sorrow and turmoil about the subsequent stages in the treatment of their infection. It is significant for ladies to comprehend the distinction among chemotherapy and radiation with the goal that they can settle on an educated decision about how they need to continue. After the medical procedure a choice must be made about whether to seek after further treatment. In the event that it is accepted through testing that the malignant growth was not totally destroyed by medical procedure then the choice to utilize chemotherapy or radiation is made and treatment is begun. Once in a while radiation or chemotherapy is suggested before the tumor is evacuated. This is to endeav or to shrivel the tumor before medical procedure with the goal that the medical procedure will be less obtrusive to the bosom, which will make reproduction sometime in the not too distant future less hard to finish. One of the choices a lady can make is experiencing chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is a fundamental treatment, which implies, that it influences the entire body by experiencing the circulatory system. This ensures every dangerous cell have been slaughtered that may have been scattered for the malignant site. Chemotherapy in any case know as chemo helps stop the spread of disease by murdering it. Chemo works best of quickly isolating cells, which implies, before all else phases of malignancy patients. Most malignant growth patients have four to eight patterns of chemo. My mother for example did chemo to ensure everything was no more. She had eight full patterns of chemo. Chemotherapy has many reactions. The issue with chemo is that it doesn't simply influence the harmful cells yet additionally other noncancerous cells that quickly isolate. It influences the cells in your blood, mouth, intestinal tract, nose, nails, and hair. These body parts, in any case, have a favorable position over disease cells in that your body can fix the harm that chemotherapy does to your ordinary cells. This clarifies why your hair will develop back, your vitality levels will rise, and your diseases will clear up. And keeping in mind that your body is retaliating, strong drugs can assist you with controlling a significant number of the reactions of chemotherapy. While many reactions of chemotherapy blur rapidly, others may take months or years to vanish totally. For instance, a few ladies experience distress in their grasp and feet from nerve harm identified with the taxanes (Taxol or Taxotere), which can continue for quite a long time. It is conceivable (however unprecedented) that chemotherapy may cause lasting symptoms. It is difficult to tell what one may feel however, on the grounds that everybody responds distinctively to chemotherapy. An individual may feel these reactions or simply lose their hair; it is amazingly difficult to foresee what one may experience. Another choice would be radiation treatment. Radiation treatment (likewise called radiotherapy, x-beam treatment, or illumination) is the utilization of a particular kind of vitality (called ionizing radiation) to execute malignancy cells and therapist tumors. Radiation treatment harms or pulverizes cells in the region being dealt with (the â€Å"target tissue†) by harming their hereditary material, causing it incomprehensible for these cells to keep on to develop and separate. In spite of the fact that radiation harms both malignancy cells and typical cells, most ordinary cells can recuperate from the impacts of radiation and capacity appropriately. The objective of radiation treatment is to harm whatever number disease cells as could reasonably be expected, while restricting mischief to close by sound tissue. There are various kinds of radiation and various approaches to convey the radiation. For instance, particular kinds of radiation can enter more profoundly into the body than can others. Moreover, a few sorts of ra diation can be finely controlled to treat just a little zone (an inch of tissue, for instance) without harming close by tissues and organs. Different sorts of radiation are better for rewarding bigger territories. At times, the objective of radiation treatment is the finished decimation of a whole tumor. In different cases, the point is to recoil a tumor and mitigate side effects. In either case, specialists plan treatment to extra however much solid tissue as could be expected. About portion of all malignant growth patients get some sort of radiation treatment. Radiation treatment might be utilized alone or in blend with other malignant growth medicines, for example, chemotherapy or medical procedure. Now and again, a patient may get more than one kind of radiation treatment. There are not the same number of reactions to radiation as there are to chemo. One of the greatest symptoms is skin disturbance. The skin will turn pink and feel like a burn from the sun after radiation. Bosom malignant growth is the most widely recognized disease in ladies in today’s society. Despite the fact that the pace of individuals who are being analyzed is going up, the pace of death is significantly littler than it used to be. It is terrifying realizing that a friend or family member can bite the dust from such an awful malignancy. The exploration is progressively accessible presently on account of establishments, for example, Susan G. Komen and different organizations giving cash to explore. It assists with realizing that specialists are getting progressively proficient in a wide range of malignant growths, particularly bosom disease. Ideally one day they will have enough information that there will never again be passings and not all that numerous brutal symptoms. I express gratitude toward God ordinarily for giving the specialists assets to help give a superior outcome to my mom and her fight through Breast Cancer and to remain solid through everything. Exploration Papers on Impact of Breast CancerFalse AdvertisingSexually Transmitted DiseasesMRSA Staph BacteriaBooker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-BarnettThe Rise and Fall of Napoleon BonaparteThe Broken FamilyThe Story of Beatrix PotterEmmett Till BiographyDistance Learning Survival GuideLegalization of Same Sex Marriages

Six Point Movement in Bangladesh free essay sample

After the declaration of 6 focuses by Sheik Mujibur Rahman in 1966, the then Bhashani NAP, ace China Communist gatherings and Chhatra Union (Menon Group) were the first to explain their response. They asserted that the 6 focuses were in truth the production of American knowledge organization, CIA. Its point was to create affinity with the USA by making issues for Ayub Khan. Be that as it may, such a clarification on the source of 6 focuses was not acknowledged or demonstrated by anybody later. A few people opine that the 6 focuses were in truth the making of some Bangali CSP officials †Ruhul Quddus, Shamsur Rahman Khan, Ahmed Fazlur Rahman. A fragment of the individuals are of the view that the 6 focuses were the joint creation of educated people including the financial aspects teacher of Dhaka University. Close by this, another quarter accepts that the 6 focuses were set up by a gathering of liberal legislators of India. There was another section who used to guarantee that Ayub Khan utilized his preferred administrator Altaf Gauhar to set up the archive and afterward gave that over to Khairul Kabir (the then General Manager of Krishi Bank). We will compose a custom article test on Six Point Movement in Bangladesh or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page His objective was to evoke political profits. Due to these conflicting cases and opposite perspectives in regards to the drafting of 6 focuses, its cause despite everything stays hazy and covered in riddle. The 6 focuses 1. The constitution ought to accommodate a Federation of Pakistan in its actual sense dependent on the Lahore Resolution and the parliamentary type of government with incomparability of a Legislature legitimately chose based on widespread grown-up establishment. 2. The central government should manage just two subjects: Defense and Foreign Affairs, and all other remaining subjects ought to be vested in the combining states. . Two independent, yet unreservedly convertible monetary forms for two wings ought to be presented; or if this isn't plausible, there ought to be one cash for the entire nation, however compelling protected arrangements ought to be acquainted with prevent the trip of capital from East to West Pakistan. Moreover, a different Banking Reserve ought to be set up and separate financial and fiscal strategy be embraced for East Pakistan. 4. The intensity of tax assessment and income assortment ought to be vested in the combining units and the government community would have no such force. The league would be qualified for an offer in the state expenses to meet its uses. 5. There ought to be two separate records for the remote trade profit of the two wings; the outside trade prerequisites of the government ought to be met by the two wings similarly or in a proportion to be fixed; indigenous items should move liberated from obligation between the two wings, and the constitution ought to enable the units to build up exchange joins with outside nations. 6. East Pakistan ought to have a different local army or paramilitary power. Six-point Program a sanction of requests articulated by the A for evacuating uniqueness between the two wings of Pakistan and finish the inner frontier rule of West Pakistan in East Bengal. The Indo-Pak War of 1965 finished with the execution of Taskent Treaty. To the old complaints of monetary divergence included the grumble of carelessness and lack of concern of focal government towards the protection of East Pakistan. Bangabandhu  was vocal on this issue. The pioneers of the resistance groups of West Pakistan assembled a national show at Lahore on 6 February 1966 so as to determine the post-Taskent political pattern. Bangabandhu arrived at Lahore on 4 February alongside the top chiefs of Awami League, and the day tailing he put the Six-point Charter of interest before the subject advisory group as the requests of the individuals of East Pakistan. He made strain to remember his proposition for the motivation of the gathering. They dismissed the proposition of Bangabandhu. On the next day the papers of West Pakistan distributed reports on the Six-point program, and Sheik Mujibur Rahman was anticipated as a nonconformist. Subsequently Sheik Mujib relinquished the meeting. The Six-point program alongside a proposition of development for the acknowledgment of the requests was put before the gathering of the working council of Awami League on 21 February 1966, and the proposition was completed consistently. A booklet on the Six-point Program with presentation from Bangabandhu Sheik Mujib and Tajuddin Ahmad was distributed. Another booklet entitled Amader Banchar Dabi : 6-dafa Karmasuchi (Our requests for presence : 6-focuses Program) was distributed for the sake of Sheik Mujibur Rahman, and was circulated in the board meeting of Awami League hung on 18 March 1966. Six focuses 1. The constitution ought to accommodate a Federation of Pakistan in its actual sense on the Lahore Resolution and the parliamentary type of government with matchless quality of a Legislature legitimately chose based on all inclusive grown-up establishment. 2. The central government should manage just two subjects : Defense and Foreign Affairs, and all other residuary subjects will be vested in the unifying states. 3. Two isolated, yet unreservedly convertible monetary standards for two wings ought to be presented ; or if this isn't achievable, there ought to be one cash for the entire nation, however successful protected arrangements ought to be acquainted with prevent the trip of capital from East to West Pakistan. Besides, a different Banking Reserve ought to be set up and separate financial and money related arrangement be embraced for East Pakistan. 4. The intensity of tax assessment and income assortment will be vested in the combining units and the government community will have no such force. The organization will be qualified for an offer in the state assessments to meet its uses. 5. There ought to be two separate records for the outside trade profit of the two wings ; the remote trade prerequisites of the national government ought to be met by the two wings similarly or in a proportion to be fixed; indigenous items should move liberated from obligation between the two wings, and the constitution ought to engage the units to set up exchange joins with remote nations. . East Pakistan ought to have a different local army or paramilitary power. The resistance heads of West Pakistan took a gander at Mujibs Six-direct Program as a gadget toward disband Pakistan, and thus they by and large dismissed his proposition. The Ayub government captured him and put him being investigated what is known as AGARTALA CONSPIRACY CASE. The case pro mpted far reaching unsettling in East Pakistan coming full circle in the mass uprising of mid 1969. Under open tension, government had to discharge him genuinely on 22 February 1969. The Awami League looked for open command for the six point program in the general appointment of 1970 in which Mujib got the outright order from the individuals of East Pakistan for his six point. However, Zulfiqar Ali Bhuttu would not join the meeting of the National Assembly planned to be hung on 3 March 1971 except if a settlement was reached between the two chiefs in advance. Sheik Mujibur Rahman and his gathering sat in an extended discourse from 15 March 1971. The discourse neglected to deliver any positive outcome. The military crackdown of 25 March fixed the destiny of the six point including the destiny of Pakistan. [Ashfaq Hossain] The Significance of the Six-Point Movement and its Impact on Bangladesh’s Struggle for Freedom and Self-assurance Introduction: The memorable Six-Point development in 1966 was the defining moment in Bangladesh’s mission for more noteworthy independence and self-assurance from Pakistan’s pilgrim control. The six-point request has been broadly credited as the ‘charter of freedom’ in the historical backdrop of Bangladesh’s battle for opportunity and autonomy. The six-point plan had imagined, in addition to other things, an out and out bureaucratic type of Government dependent on the 1940 Lahore Resolution, a parliamentary arrangement of government legitimately chose by the individuals based on grown-up establishment, two separate monetary standards or two hold banks for the two wings of Pakistan, and a para-military power for East Pakistan. The astounding achievement of the six-point development in 1966 had provoked the decision cadre of Pakistan to ruin the coordinators of this development. In spite of the fact that Ayub Khan’s devilish system had utilized different merciless reformatory measures against the defenders, coordinators and supporters of the six-point equation, this noteworthy development had genuinely affected and adapted the resulting political improvement in Pakistan. The primary reason for this paper is to survey the criticalness of the six-point development and its effect on Bangladesh’s battle for opportunity and self-assurance. When the fundamental substance of the six-point plan are summed up, the nature, size, and effect of the six-point development will be assessed. Planned for proving and approving my own perceptions about the extent and effect of the six-point development, some insightful perceptions will be refered to. At long last, some finishing up comments will be made. The Six-Point Plan: the Main Elements Sheik Mujibur Rhaman, the then General Secretary of the East Pakistan Awami League (EPAL), had by and by presented the six-guide program toward the topic council of the All-Party Meeting of the restriction ideological groups of the then Pakistan in Lahore on February 5, 1966. In view of his â€Å"6-Point Formula: Our Right to Live† [March 23, 1966], the central requests and topics of the memorable six-point plan are being summed up as follows: Point 1: â€Å"The Constitution ought to accommodate a Federation of Pakistan in its actual sense based on [1940] Lahore Resolution, and Parliamentary type of Government with matchless quality of council straightforwardly chose based on all inclusive grown-up establishment. † Point 2: The Federal Gover

Essay on the Civil Rights Movement

Essay on the Civil Rights MovementAn essay on the Civil Rights Movement, first published in 2020, is one of the most frequently asked essays. The essay serves as a primer for the student who has recently become aware of the movement. It explores the reason why the movement came about, and why the achievements of the movement are so important to the present and future of the country. Additionally, the essay will provide an overview of the history of the movement and its crucial battles.The essay should be a five hundred word or less paper. Many students would rather submit short papers, but longer essays tend to be harder to write and have the potential to be less convincing. The essay on the Civil Rights Movement is far too important to be ignored because of the length of the paper. Make sure that you come up with good reasons for writing the essay in the first place. If you can't write an argument for why you feel this is a relevant paper, then you might want to consider a different topic.A five-paragraph essay on the Civil Rights Movement is not difficult to write, but does require some additional research. Identify the focus of the essay, and make sure that it is also an issue that students can relate to. Regardless of how difficult or simple the essay may be, it needs to be easy to understand.The most important thing to remember about the essay is that it is there to help students understand the movement. It is an opportunity to share why the civil rights movement is such an important part of American history. Even if the students disagree with the focus of the essay, they should still be able to read the essay and understand what the purpose of the essay is.The essay on the Civil Rights Movement should also be brief. While students may not feel the need to read a very long essay, they will certainly want to learn a bit more than a few paragraphs worth of information. The introduction should give the student a quick overview of the movement. This should inc lude how the first sit-in happened, who organized the first protest, and why the sit-in was important. The essay should also touch on how the students are affected by their actions and the history of the movement itself.The essay on the Civil Rights Movement should also discuss the situations in which the members of the movement protested, as well as their actions towards ending white supremacy. However, make sure that you do not discuss what the movement was trying to accomplish. For example, most students will agree that the bus boycotts were important because of the negative effects of white supremacy. Discussing these issues is important, but not essential.The essay on the Civil Rights Movement should touch on why the movement is important to the present and future of the country. It should also touch on the impact that the sit-ins had on America. Additionally, the essay should include an overview of the movement's victories and the reasons why they were achieved. The main reaso n that the civil rights movement is important is because it helps Americans see that they are not alone in the fight against racism.The essay on the Civil Rights Movement should also not repeat the same facts over. It should explore all the aspects of the civil rights movement and explore why each of them is important. Finally, the essay should reflect positively on the members of the movement. After all, they should be able to see why this movement was important to them.

Ap Human Geography - Essay - 1398 Words

Welcome to AP Human Geography Ms. Anderson Phone: 548-4051 room 112 E-mail: panderso@hs.spotsylvania.k12.va.us Course Description: The new college-level social studies course provides students with the opportunity to identify and analyze contemporary concerns and problems from local, national, and global perspectives in Human Geography. Using geographical tools and skills, we will explore issues such as population distribution and composition, cultural patterns and processes, political organization, land use, industrialization and economic development, and urbanization. The AP Human Geography student will take the World Geography Standards of Learning test (SOL) and is eligible to take the AP Human Geography exam. Attendance is†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â€" ª Textbooks, resource books, and other supplemental materials will be used for this course. The student is responsible for all school material and will be held accountable for any carelessness and/or damage. ââ€" ª Attendance is STRONGLY ENCOURAGED. The student will be responsible for class attendance and assignments. In the event o f an EXCUSED ABSENCE, the student will be responsible for any make-up work. Please check SCORE for missed assignments. ââ€" ª WEEKLY WHITE BOARD: There will be a posted weekly assignment board in class showing daily activities and upcoming assignments. This is to maintain daily contact of expectations and assignments. ââ€" ª LATE WORK: Assignments are to be turned in on the due date at the BEGINNING of class. After that through the next block is 40 points off. Any other late work after that block will be taken at 40% credit. If there is an emergency, contact me BEFORE the due date to discuss extension options. ââ€" ª EXTRA CREDIT: Extra credit will be available on SCORE. There will be opportunities for projects, reports, summaries of films, books, /or websites, and bonus points. Please note, the student is responsible for all required assignments. Extra credit will not replace a required assignment. ââ€" ª Extra credit and extension options should not be abused. SCORE and PASS: †¢ SCORE will be in continuous use for information, due dates, deadlines, class information, and assignments. Please check your SCORE page often. †¢Show MoreRelatedAP Human Geography Religion Notes Essay1830 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Religion Unit Essay Notes 1. Secularism began to arise with the seperation of church and state in Europe. A. Why is this so? (Deblij 207, 222-224) Secularism is the indifference to or rejection of formal religion. The most secular countries today are in Europe. Secularism has become more widespread during the past century due to the rise in democracy. 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As with many important historical events throughout...

As with many important historical events throughout history the dissolution of the Soviet Union had many contributing forces. However, most historians agree that the main contributor was Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and the many radical reforms he implemented during the six years he was the leader of the USSR. Even though the official dissolution took place in December 1991, the Soviet Union’s demise began to take form in the 1980s. In order to understand why the Soviet Union dissolved it is important to have a clear picture of its history and political climate. The Soviet State was established in 1917 when revolutionary Bolsheviks overthrew the Russian Czar establishing a socialist state in territories that once belonged to the†¦show more content†¦Western countries including the United States grew more suspicious and distrustful of the Soviet Union. The Cold War had begun. Stalin would further isolate the Soviet Union with the building of the Berlin Wall which divided Germany into two countries, East Germany being communist and under Soviet control. After Stalin’s death in 1953 Soviet leaders acknowledged that his policies were brutal and extreme, but maintained the Communist party’s power in the Soviet Union. The use of military force to suppress anticommunism behavior became commonplace. Instead of focusing on domestic problems and needs, the Communist government focused on the Cold War. Another obsession became the arms race. This became a costly and destructive obsession. During the early 1980s the Soviet Union would have three leaders in less than three years. Brezhnev, Andropov, and Chernenko were all solid communist leaders, but also older and all died within their first year of office. In March 1985 a communist reformer named Mikhail Gorbachev was appointed as the Soviet Union’s last president. The Soviet government knew they couldn’t afford another short term leader. Gorbachev was fifty four was he took office. When Gorbachev assumed power the Soviet Union was in a state of stagnation. Gorbachev wanted to reform the economy and modernize the political structure. In order to help the Soviet Union prosper Gorbachev introduced three policies of reform. These policies were glasnost, perestroika, andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Autonomy and Political Responsibility after the Cold War2592 Words   |  11 Pagesideologies, Communism and Democracy. As the two major superpowers, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States, s truggled to defend their respective governmental policies, the European Continent was caught in an intrinsic struggle to preserve the autonomy which had taken so long to achieve. During the Cold War, Eastern European nations struggled to achieve autonomy with the help of the Wests dedication to break the Soviet sphere of influence. 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Customer Service At An Affordable Price - 1598 Words

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Corporate Governance HIH Insurance Generates

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance for HIH Insurance Generates. Answer: Introduction: In Australia, there is established a market of general insurance. In 2011 Statistics shows that private sector of this industry generates $34.9 billion per annum as premiums, and this industry has a total asset of $113.9 billion. Insurance sector also provides employment to approx 60000 peoples. The rulers of this market in Australia are Suncor, IAG, QBE Insurance Group Ltd and Allianz Australia Ltd. Representative body of this industry is Insurance Council of Australia. The Private sector of this industry in Australia contributes more than 90% of total premium income (Insurance Council of Australia, 2016). HIH Insurance Limited which was the holding company of HIH group was also a part of this industry and not only part but the main player in this industry. HIH Insurance Limited was a company which was publicly listed in Australia. Before the failure of HIH, it was the second largest general insurer in Australia. HIH operates in many other countries. In 2001, on 15th March HIH Insurance and its subsidiaries were goes into provisional liquidation and in the same year on 27th of August these companies were liquidated. A G McGrath and A R M Macintosh are the liquidators of the company at the time of liquidation of the company. HIH group is a bunch of 240 companies. Eight companies out of those 240 companies were those companies which are already licensed or formerly licensed in Australia as insurance companies (HIH insurance, n.d.). In this report, we discuss about the failure of HIH group on the standards of corporate governance also we review the performance of organization related to corporate governance. This paper also lays down the standards, principles, recommendations and other tools and techniques related to corporate governance. And in last, we conclude the report with a brief conclusion. Corporate governance Case Study of HIH: Corporate governance is a very wide term and cover rules, relationships various processes in its ambit. Description of corporate governance includes rules, relationships, systems and various processes through which companies controlled and exercised its authorities and other functions. In August 2002 a council was established for the development of Principles and Recommendations. For the purpose of development of these principles and recommendations, many businesses, industry groups, and shareholders are bring together for providing their valuable advice on issues related to governance. In 2003 council introduced these Principles and Recommendations. These principles are applied to all the entities which are listed on the ASX, no matter whether they are established in Australia or not, and whether they are managed through internal or external channels. Some companies which are managed through external channels cannot apply recommendations as it is; they require some changes in recommendations. These principles and Recommendations applied only to the entities which are listed on ASX. But these guidelines are very helpful for others companies also and adopted by various other companies. Following are the principles and recommendations provided by the Council: Lay solid foundations for management and oversight: in this principle council describe that a company which is listed on ASX must disclose and establish the roles and duties of its board of directors and management of the company, and also establish the mechanism to monitor and evaluate the performance of the company. Structure the board to add value: the company must have an appropriate size, skills, composition and commitment of its board of directors so that board can effectively work and fulfill its duties. Act ethically and responsibly: the company must behave ethically and responsibly. Safeguard integrity in corporate reporting: the companies which are listed on ASX must establish a mechanism through which company verifies and safeguard the integrity of its corporate reporting. Make timely and balanced disclosure: entity must make a timely and fair disclosure of all important matters. Respect the rights of security holders: entities must respect the rights of its shareholders and provide them all material information and facility so that they can access those rights. Recognize and manage risk: companies must establish a framework that can manage risk and also evaluate the efficiency of that framework. Remunerate fairly and responsibly: a policy of directors remuneration must be correct so that company can retain directors of high quality. Note: Council gives 29 recommendations to give effect to the general principles and also provide comments regarding both principles and the recommendations. Now we discuss in brief about the case study of HIH group and also the corporate governance principles which relate to the case of HIH insurance: In 2001, 1st March was a day when APRA issue show cause notice to the HIH insurance for the failure of appointment of an inspector under section 52 of the Insurance Act 1973 and on 15th March HIH group applied to the court for its provisional liquidation. The Investigation was conducted, and the result of the investigation showed that there was the deficit of assets over liabilities. HIH was the largest failure in the corporate world at that time. Australian government appoints a commission for looking into the matter and the commission known as the royal commission. Commission scrutinizes the performance of the APRA Arthur Anderson, auditors of the company. Commission investigates for 18 months and cost incurred in the investigation was A$50 million. Justice Neville Owen says: this deficiency was arising due to the amount of claims raised in the previous year which is more than the amount of premium. Justice Neville Owen also asks why the risks are not properly managed. The answer to this question is mismanagement of HIH. Justice filed 53 criminal prosecutions against the officers of the company. Justice found that this collapse is not due to any fraud, but due to breaches of the law. Following are the issues which result in liquidation of HIH: Bad Corporate Governance Under-provisioning Valuation of the assets is not appropriate. Accountability of performance is not there. Complex procedures Information provided to the directors, auditors, and regulators are not integrating (Australian Government; The Treasury, 2015). The case of HIH was a big shock for the insurance industry in Australia; it put a negative impact on the consumer related to the insurance industry. Not only company and government are affected, but the people who lost their jobs and the policy holders are not sure whether they receive their claim or not. Shareholders have the holding of shares, but now they are of no value. Royal Commission states that APRA is not responsible for the failure of HIH Group (Case Studies on the HIH Insurance Group, n.d.). Corporate Governance in Australia is based on the shareholders approach. Act which govern the insurance industry in Australia Insurance Act 1973, which was amended in 2001 with new provisions which are applied from 1 July 2002. The Reason of amendments is to achieve the protection for policyholders and beneficiaries (OECD, 2002). Royal Commission report: the report issued by Justice Owen has the number of recommendations in respect of 56 breaches of law found by Justice in the investigation. This report states that the reason for the failure of HIH was corporate mismanagement in the company. Justice Owen highlighted that: Decisions taken by the board on major transactions were not right because they take decisions without analysis of facts. CEO of the company has influenced in the decision making of audit committee. Therefore audit committee does not take proper decision. Directors of the company failed to make provisions for the outstanding claim. Principles of corporate governance which company was failed to exercise are: Lay solid foundations for management and oversight, Safeguard integrity in corporate reporting and recognize and manage risk. Discussion related to this is mention below: In this principle board of directors of the company have the following responsibilities: The board is responsible for setting the objective of the company, and checks how management implement the objective of the company and also overlook the performance of the management. The board approves the budgets of the company and expenditure related to the capital. The board keeps check on the risk management policy of the company. Check the corporate reporting system of company and also external audit system of company. The board makes timely disclosures related to material information. The board makes remuneration policy for company, and make sure that the corporate governance practices are implemented in organization. Board of directors of HIH is failed in exercising their duties in an effective way. Justice Owen found that there are many deficiencies in the management of the company and board of company does not work efficiently. Identify and articulate strategy: in this justice said that organization failed in making an effective strategy, this was a failure of the board and individual directors of the company. For making a perfect business strategy, it is necessary that board consider the regulatory framework of the company and also its competitors. The Board can achieve this by conducting strategy meeting time to time. Monitor and review performance: in HIH there was no mechanism for monitor the performance of management and through which performance can be judged. The board of directors of the company is also responsible for ensuring whether proposals of management are followed or not. Depend on managements advice: directors of the company rely on the advice of the management and on external factors. They do not take responsibility for any information or decision. They did not check that whether the information provided to them is accurate or not. It is the biggest mistake of the director that they relied on information without making crosscheck. Positioning for pro-activeness: all the directors get the lesson from HIH case that it is their duty to ask questions from the management of the company review the performance of the organization and management of the company. Define and enforce limits on authority: it is necessary that organization put some limitations on the authority also. Entry of HIH in film finance insurance was the clear example of how important is that to put some limitations on authority also. Corporate Structure: Structure of HIH group was so complex that board was not able to manage it. The Board is not able to monitor the activities of complete HIH group. For example: non-executive directors of the company are not the directors of the company which has licensed as an insurer. Subsidiary of the HIH group takes care of a number of companies in the group. The Role of board: in the case HIH it is clear that management of company acted without the advice of the board which results in biggest corporate failure. Management of HIH considers its board as an obstacle in its way rather than a tool which increase the performance of management. It is the duty of the board to ensure that performance of management is as per the strategy of the company so that Conflicts can be avoided by the management and the board of the company. Monitor and resolve conflicts of interest: board of the company is not able to resolve the conflicts related to individual directors related party transactions. And this is because board did not focus on these issues. Board does not have any procedure to identify and resolve such issues. Chairman of Company: in the report it was found that management controls the flow of information towards the board. Management of the company limits the issues which were delivered to the board. Result of which board is not able to review the current issues and manage the risk related to the company (corporate governance update, 2003; ASX, n.d.). Justice Owen made some recommendations in the report which are stated below: Disclosure related to directors remuneration. Whatever the directors get as consideration, no matter in what form must be disclosed. There must be some duties enforced on the management of the company. Audit independence- for maintaining the independence of the auditor it is necessary that partner of audit firm cannot become director of the company for four years from the date of resigning from the audit firm. 2years gap between the resigning from an audit firm and becoming a director of the client, this provision is applicable on a partner who was not directly engaged in the audit of the client. Rotation of auditor from time to time as mention in guidelines. Before releasing the price sensitive information, approval or review of the board is necessary. All the necessary disclosures must be made to APRA. Undesirable corporate governance in HIH case: Board of directors of HIH was completely influenced by the senior management of the company which reduces the efficiency of the board in taking informed decisions. Board of directors of the company failed to scrutinize the decisions of management. The Board is not able to check the working of management due to the absence of discussion related to strategy at the level of the board of directors. The Flow of information towards board of directors is governed by the management of the company, which results in, the board does not have complete and accurate information related to the working of the company. The Board does not have the systematic check on the management working and does not held accountability related to performance. Agenda of the board is controlled by the management of the company and not by the board of directors of the company. The Complex structure of the organization, due to which board of directors of the company is not able to check the complete activities of the group. Due to lack of information board is not able to check the internal management of the company and help in solving conflicts (Find Law Australia, n.d.). Conclusion: This report contains the discussion on corporate governance practices and case study of HIH group. In this report, we discuss and critically analyze the matter of HIH group and also learn some lessons from the study of this case. As we all know it is a biggest corporate collapse in Australia and not only affect the government but also put some escalation marks on the principles of corporate government practices. The Insurance industry is a profitable industry for Australia. 2011 Statistics shows that private sector of this industry generates $34.9 billion per annum as premiums, and this industry has the total asset of $113.9 billion. Corporate Governance in Australia is based on the shareholders approach. An Act which governs the insurance industry in Australia is Insurance Act 1973, which was amended later on. The amendment was made for the benefit and protection of policyholders. In August 2002 a council was established for the development of Principles and Recommendations of corpo rate governance by ASX. APRA issue show cause notice to the HIH insurance for the failure of appointment of the inspector under section 52 of the Insurance Act 1973 and on 15th March HIH group applied to the court for its provisional liquidation. On 27th August 2001 HIH group was liquidated. HIH was the largest failure in the corporate world at that time. Australian government appoints a commission for looking into the matter and the commission known as the royal commission. Justice Neville Owen says: this deficiency was arising due to the amount of claims raised in the previous year which is more than the amount of premium. Question was raised by the justice on the risk management policy of the company. The report was issued by the justice known as the royal commission report which includes that failure of HIH was not due to any fraud but due to mismanagement of the company and because of wrong decisions are taken by the board which was influenced by the management of company. In last we conclude that nonp ractice of corporate governance principles, lead the corporation to a big failure. References: ASX Corporate Governance Council,2014.Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations .Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.asx.com.au/documents/asx-compliance/cgc-principles-and-recommendations-3rd-edn.pdf. Treasury Crest, 2015. Aftermath of the HIH collapse. Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.treasury.gov.au/PublicationsAndMedia/Publications/2015/Economic-Roundup-Issue-1/HTML/article-3/3-Aftermath-of-the-HIH-collapse. Corporate Governance Update (2003). HIH Royal Commission Report. Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: file:///C:/Users/Guest/Downloads/02547-Corporate%20Governance%20Update%20(HIH).pdf. Find law Australia, The HIH legacy: Corporate governance and shareholder value, Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/1431/the-hih-legacy-corporate-governance-and-shareholde.aspx. HIH insurance, About the HIH Group, Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.hih.com.au/Group-About.html. IAIS, Case Studies on the HIH Insurance Group, Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.iaisweb.org/modules/cciais/assets/files/pdf/061004_BGN-0_hih_background_note.pdf. Insurance Council of Australia,2016. About Us. Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.insurancecouncil.com.au/about-us. OECD, Corporate Governance of Insurers in Australia, Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.oecd.org/finance/insurance/2490045.pdf.