As with many important historical events throughout...

As with many important historical events throughout history the dissolution of the Soviet Union had many contributing forces. However, most historians agree that the main contributor was Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and the many radical reforms he implemented during the six years he was the leader of the USSR. Even though the official dissolution took place in December 1991, the Soviet Union’s demise began to take form in the 1980s. In order to understand why the Soviet Union dissolved it is important to have a clear picture of its history and political climate. The Soviet State was established in 1917 when revolutionary Bolsheviks overthrew the Russian Czar establishing a socialist state in territories that once belonged to the†¦show more content†¦Western countries including the United States grew more suspicious and distrustful of the Soviet Union. The Cold War had begun. Stalin would further isolate the Soviet Union with the building of the Berlin Wall which divided Germany into two countries, East Germany being communist and under Soviet control. After Stalin’s death in 1953 Soviet leaders acknowledged that his policies were brutal and extreme, but maintained the Communist party’s power in the Soviet Union. The use of military force to suppress anticommunism behavior became commonplace. Instead of focusing on domestic problems and needs, the Communist government focused on the Cold War. Another obsession became the arms race. This became a costly and destructive obsession. During the early 1980s the Soviet Union would have three leaders in less than three years. Brezhnev, Andropov, and Chernenko were all solid communist leaders, but also older and all died within their first year of office. In March 1985 a communist reformer named Mikhail Gorbachev was appointed as the Soviet Union’s last president. The Soviet government knew they couldn’t afford another short term leader. Gorbachev was fifty four was he took office. When Gorbachev assumed power the Soviet Union was in a state of stagnation. Gorbachev wanted to reform the economy and modernize the political structure. In order to help the Soviet Union prosper Gorbachev introduced three policies of reform. These policies were glasnost, perestroika, andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Autonomy and Political Responsibility after the Cold War2592 Words   |  11 Pagesideologies, Communism and Democracy. As the two major superpowers, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States, s truggled to defend their respective governmental policies, the European Continent was caught in an intrinsic struggle to preserve the autonomy which had taken so long to achieve. During the Cold War, Eastern European nations struggled to achieve autonomy with the help of the Wests dedication to break the Soviet sphere of influence. 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Customer Service At An Affordable Price - 1598 Words

INTRODUCTION Executive Summary Technology Point will provide computer and technical support to local home computer users and small business users. The company will focus its marketing strategy on gaining new customers and providing a high level of specialized customer service to each in order to retain them. Initial marketing will be aggressive and exploit competitor’s weaknesses. Cost control will be important to keep expenses low and profits high. The company will offer affordable, on-site service to customers. THE BUSINESS Vision Statement A tomorrow where technology and people coexist peacefully. Mission Statement Our goal is to provide personalized attention to customers at an affordable price. Customers are our number one priority. Our employees should be ready to provide the right service and therefore shall be highly trained. Goals – Objectives 1. Provide the best customer service at an affordable price. 2. To make Technology Point the go to business for technology issues. 3. 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Corporate Governance HIH Insurance Generates

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance for HIH Insurance Generates. Answer: Introduction: In Australia, there is established a market of general insurance. In 2011 Statistics shows that private sector of this industry generates $34.9 billion per annum as premiums, and this industry has a total asset of $113.9 billion. Insurance sector also provides employment to approx 60000 peoples. The rulers of this market in Australia are Suncor, IAG, QBE Insurance Group Ltd and Allianz Australia Ltd. Representative body of this industry is Insurance Council of Australia. The Private sector of this industry in Australia contributes more than 90% of total premium income (Insurance Council of Australia, 2016). HIH Insurance Limited which was the holding company of HIH group was also a part of this industry and not only part but the main player in this industry. HIH Insurance Limited was a company which was publicly listed in Australia. Before the failure of HIH, it was the second largest general insurer in Australia. HIH operates in many other countries. In 2001, on 15th March HIH Insurance and its subsidiaries were goes into provisional liquidation and in the same year on 27th of August these companies were liquidated. A G McGrath and A R M Macintosh are the liquidators of the company at the time of liquidation of the company. HIH group is a bunch of 240 companies. Eight companies out of those 240 companies were those companies which are already licensed or formerly licensed in Australia as insurance companies (HIH insurance, n.d.). In this report, we discuss about the failure of HIH group on the standards of corporate governance also we review the performance of organization related to corporate governance. This paper also lays down the standards, principles, recommendations and other tools and techniques related to corporate governance. And in last, we conclude the report with a brief conclusion. Corporate governance Case Study of HIH: Corporate governance is a very wide term and cover rules, relationships various processes in its ambit. Description of corporate governance includes rules, relationships, systems and various processes through which companies controlled and exercised its authorities and other functions. In August 2002 a council was established for the development of Principles and Recommendations. For the purpose of development of these principles and recommendations, many businesses, industry groups, and shareholders are bring together for providing their valuable advice on issues related to governance. In 2003 council introduced these Principles and Recommendations. These principles are applied to all the entities which are listed on the ASX, no matter whether they are established in Australia or not, and whether they are managed through internal or external channels. Some companies which are managed through external channels cannot apply recommendations as it is; they require some changes in recommendations. These principles and Recommendations applied only to the entities which are listed on ASX. But these guidelines are very helpful for others companies also and adopted by various other companies. Following are the principles and recommendations provided by the Council: Lay solid foundations for management and oversight: in this principle council describe that a company which is listed on ASX must disclose and establish the roles and duties of its board of directors and management of the company, and also establish the mechanism to monitor and evaluate the performance of the company. Structure the board to add value: the company must have an appropriate size, skills, composition and commitment of its board of directors so that board can effectively work and fulfill its duties. Act ethically and responsibly: the company must behave ethically and responsibly. Safeguard integrity in corporate reporting: the companies which are listed on ASX must establish a mechanism through which company verifies and safeguard the integrity of its corporate reporting. Make timely and balanced disclosure: entity must make a timely and fair disclosure of all important matters. Respect the rights of security holders: entities must respect the rights of its shareholders and provide them all material information and facility so that they can access those rights. Recognize and manage risk: companies must establish a framework that can manage risk and also evaluate the efficiency of that framework. Remunerate fairly and responsibly: a policy of directors remuneration must be correct so that company can retain directors of high quality. Note: Council gives 29 recommendations to give effect to the general principles and also provide comments regarding both principles and the recommendations. Now we discuss in brief about the case study of HIH group and also the corporate governance principles which relate to the case of HIH insurance: In 2001, 1st March was a day when APRA issue show cause notice to the HIH insurance for the failure of appointment of an inspector under section 52 of the Insurance Act 1973 and on 15th March HIH group applied to the court for its provisional liquidation. The Investigation was conducted, and the result of the investigation showed that there was the deficit of assets over liabilities. HIH was the largest failure in the corporate world at that time. Australian government appoints a commission for looking into the matter and the commission known as the royal commission. Commission scrutinizes the performance of the APRA Arthur Anderson, auditors of the company. Commission investigates for 18 months and cost incurred in the investigation was A$50 million. Justice Neville Owen says: this deficiency was arising due to the amount of claims raised in the previous year which is more than the amount of premium. Justice Neville Owen also asks why the risks are not properly managed. The answer to this question is mismanagement of HIH. Justice filed 53 criminal prosecutions against the officers of the company. Justice found that this collapse is not due to any fraud, but due to breaches of the law. Following are the issues which result in liquidation of HIH: Bad Corporate Governance Under-provisioning Valuation of the assets is not appropriate. Accountability of performance is not there. Complex procedures Information provided to the directors, auditors, and regulators are not integrating (Australian Government; The Treasury, 2015). The case of HIH was a big shock for the insurance industry in Australia; it put a negative impact on the consumer related to the insurance industry. Not only company and government are affected, but the people who lost their jobs and the policy holders are not sure whether they receive their claim or not. Shareholders have the holding of shares, but now they are of no value. Royal Commission states that APRA is not responsible for the failure of HIH Group (Case Studies on the HIH Insurance Group, n.d.). Corporate Governance in Australia is based on the shareholders approach. Act which govern the insurance industry in Australia Insurance Act 1973, which was amended in 2001 with new provisions which are applied from 1 July 2002. The Reason of amendments is to achieve the protection for policyholders and beneficiaries (OECD, 2002). Royal Commission report: the report issued by Justice Owen has the number of recommendations in respect of 56 breaches of law found by Justice in the investigation. This report states that the reason for the failure of HIH was corporate mismanagement in the company. Justice Owen highlighted that: Decisions taken by the board on major transactions were not right because they take decisions without analysis of facts. CEO of the company has influenced in the decision making of audit committee. Therefore audit committee does not take proper decision. Directors of the company failed to make provisions for the outstanding claim. Principles of corporate governance which company was failed to exercise are: Lay solid foundations for management and oversight, Safeguard integrity in corporate reporting and recognize and manage risk. Discussion related to this is mention below: In this principle board of directors of the company have the following responsibilities: The board is responsible for setting the objective of the company, and checks how management implement the objective of the company and also overlook the performance of the management. The board approves the budgets of the company and expenditure related to the capital. The board keeps check on the risk management policy of the company. Check the corporate reporting system of company and also external audit system of company. The board makes timely disclosures related to material information. The board makes remuneration policy for company, and make sure that the corporate governance practices are implemented in organization. Board of directors of HIH is failed in exercising their duties in an effective way. Justice Owen found that there are many deficiencies in the management of the company and board of company does not work efficiently. Identify and articulate strategy: in this justice said that organization failed in making an effective strategy, this was a failure of the board and individual directors of the company. For making a perfect business strategy, it is necessary that board consider the regulatory framework of the company and also its competitors. The Board can achieve this by conducting strategy meeting time to time. Monitor and review performance: in HIH there was no mechanism for monitor the performance of management and through which performance can be judged. The board of directors of the company is also responsible for ensuring whether proposals of management are followed or not. Depend on managements advice: directors of the company rely on the advice of the management and on external factors. They do not take responsibility for any information or decision. They did not check that whether the information provided to them is accurate or not. It is the biggest mistake of the director that they relied on information without making crosscheck. Positioning for pro-activeness: all the directors get the lesson from HIH case that it is their duty to ask questions from the management of the company review the performance of the organization and management of the company. Define and enforce limits on authority: it is necessary that organization put some limitations on the authority also. Entry of HIH in film finance insurance was the clear example of how important is that to put some limitations on authority also. Corporate Structure: Structure of HIH group was so complex that board was not able to manage it. The Board is not able to monitor the activities of complete HIH group. For example: non-executive directors of the company are not the directors of the company which has licensed as an insurer. Subsidiary of the HIH group takes care of a number of companies in the group. The Role of board: in the case HIH it is clear that management of company acted without the advice of the board which results in biggest corporate failure. Management of HIH considers its board as an obstacle in its way rather than a tool which increase the performance of management. It is the duty of the board to ensure that performance of management is as per the strategy of the company so that Conflicts can be avoided by the management and the board of the company. Monitor and resolve conflicts of interest: board of the company is not able to resolve the conflicts related to individual directors related party transactions. And this is because board did not focus on these issues. Board does not have any procedure to identify and resolve such issues. Chairman of Company: in the report it was found that management controls the flow of information towards the board. Management of the company limits the issues which were delivered to the board. Result of which board is not able to review the current issues and manage the risk related to the company (corporate governance update, 2003; ASX, n.d.). Justice Owen made some recommendations in the report which are stated below: Disclosure related to directors remuneration. Whatever the directors get as consideration, no matter in what form must be disclosed. There must be some duties enforced on the management of the company. Audit independence- for maintaining the independence of the auditor it is necessary that partner of audit firm cannot become director of the company for four years from the date of resigning from the audit firm. 2years gap between the resigning from an audit firm and becoming a director of the client, this provision is applicable on a partner who was not directly engaged in the audit of the client. Rotation of auditor from time to time as mention in guidelines. Before releasing the price sensitive information, approval or review of the board is necessary. All the necessary disclosures must be made to APRA. Undesirable corporate governance in HIH case: Board of directors of HIH was completely influenced by the senior management of the company which reduces the efficiency of the board in taking informed decisions. Board of directors of the company failed to scrutinize the decisions of management. The Board is not able to check the working of management due to the absence of discussion related to strategy at the level of the board of directors. The Flow of information towards board of directors is governed by the management of the company, which results in, the board does not have complete and accurate information related to the working of the company. The Board does not have the systematic check on the management working and does not held accountability related to performance. Agenda of the board is controlled by the management of the company and not by the board of directors of the company. The Complex structure of the organization, due to which board of directors of the company is not able to check the complete activities of the group. Due to lack of information board is not able to check the internal management of the company and help in solving conflicts (Find Law Australia, n.d.). Conclusion: This report contains the discussion on corporate governance practices and case study of HIH group. In this report, we discuss and critically analyze the matter of HIH group and also learn some lessons from the study of this case. As we all know it is a biggest corporate collapse in Australia and not only affect the government but also put some escalation marks on the principles of corporate government practices. The Insurance industry is a profitable industry for Australia. 2011 Statistics shows that private sector of this industry generates $34.9 billion per annum as premiums, and this industry has the total asset of $113.9 billion. Corporate Governance in Australia is based on the shareholders approach. An Act which governs the insurance industry in Australia is Insurance Act 1973, which was amended later on. The amendment was made for the benefit and protection of policyholders. In August 2002 a council was established for the development of Principles and Recommendations of corpo rate governance by ASX. APRA issue show cause notice to the HIH insurance for the failure of appointment of the inspector under section 52 of the Insurance Act 1973 and on 15th March HIH group applied to the court for its provisional liquidation. On 27th August 2001 HIH group was liquidated. HIH was the largest failure in the corporate world at that time. Australian government appoints a commission for looking into the matter and the commission known as the royal commission. Justice Neville Owen says: this deficiency was arising due to the amount of claims raised in the previous year which is more than the amount of premium. Question was raised by the justice on the risk management policy of the company. The report was issued by the justice known as the royal commission report which includes that failure of HIH was not due to any fraud but due to mismanagement of the company and because of wrong decisions are taken by the board which was influenced by the management of company. In last we conclude that nonp ractice of corporate governance principles, lead the corporation to a big failure. References: ASX Corporate Governance Council,2014.Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations .Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.asx.com.au/documents/asx-compliance/cgc-principles-and-recommendations-3rd-edn.pdf. Treasury Crest, 2015. Aftermath of the HIH collapse. Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.treasury.gov.au/PublicationsAndMedia/Publications/2015/Economic-Roundup-Issue-1/HTML/article-3/3-Aftermath-of-the-HIH-collapse. Corporate Governance Update (2003). HIH Royal Commission Report. Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: file:///C:/Users/Guest/Downloads/02547-Corporate%20Governance%20Update%20(HIH).pdf. Find law Australia, The HIH legacy: Corporate governance and shareholder value, Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/1431/the-hih-legacy-corporate-governance-and-shareholde.aspx. HIH insurance, About the HIH Group, Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.hih.com.au/Group-About.html. IAIS, Case Studies on the HIH Insurance Group, Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.iaisweb.org/modules/cciais/assets/files/pdf/061004_BGN-0_hih_background_note.pdf. Insurance Council of Australia,2016. About Us. Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.insurancecouncil.com.au/about-us. OECD, Corporate Governance of Insurers in Australia, Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.oecd.org/finance/insurance/2490045.pdf.

Trifles susan glaspell Essay Example For Students

Trifles susan glaspell Essay Susan Glaspells Trifles explores male-female relationships through the murder investigation of the character of Mr. Wright. The play takes place in Wrights country farmhouse as the men of the play, the county attorney, the sheriff, and Mr. Hale, search for evidence as to the identity and, most importantly, the motive of the murderer. However, the men never find the clues that would lead them to solving this murder case. Instead, it is their female counterparts who discover the evidence needed, and who are able to do so because of their gender. The male investigators need to find, as Mrs. Peters puts it, a motive; something to show anger, orsudden feeling' (1329). Yet the men never see the uneven sewing on a quilt Minnie Wright was working on before the murder. The quilt is a symbol of Minnies agitationher anger. The men, though, laugh at the womens wonderings about the quilt and its peculiar knot. We will write a custom essay on Trifles susan glaspell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Likewise, the canary and its cage are easily dismissed. In fact, the men just as easily believe a lie about this bird and cage. When the cage is noticed, its hinge pulled apart and broken door unnoticed, the county attorney asks, Has the bird flown?' Mrs. Peters replies that the cat got it' (1332). There is actually no such cat, but the men do not know that and never question the existence of it. The bird, however, is vital to the case. Mr. Wright killed the bird, Minnies bird, which may have provoked her to then kill him. As Mrs. Hale thinks further she says, No, Wright wouldnt like the bird a thing that sang, She used to sing. He killed that, too (1332). Mrs. Hale is talking about Mrs. Wright before she was married, how she used to go out and could sing like an angel, but since her marriage she has been confined like a caged bird. In addition, the strangling of Mr. Wright, a form of murder, which perplexes all when a gun was handy, is reminiscent of the strangling of that bird. It is another answer to the mens questions, but an answer they never find. The women, on the other hand, take note of all they see. They notice the bird, the cage, and the quilt but other things that the men call trifles, like Minnies frozen preserves and her request for her apron and shawl. These women are united; it seems, not only as country wives or as neighbors but also on the basic level of womanhood. This is apparent from the beginning of the play. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters stand close together near the door, (1324) emotionally bonded throughout the play and, here, physically, in a way, too. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters also have a kinship to Minnie, just as to each other. They respect her work as a homemaker. Mrs. Hale quickly comes to Minnies defense when her housekeeping skills are questioned, saying, Theres a great deal of work to be done on a farm' (1326). The women display their loyalty to each other and their sympathy for one another, too. Mrs. Peters can identify with the loneliness and sadness of losing something you love. She understands what stillness is,' and Mrs. Hale knows how things can befor women . . . they all go through the same thingsits just a different kind of the same thing' (1333). These women are obviously united, and together they have a common enemy, as it were. The womens foes, the men, are not united at all. The county attorney, in particular, is in a rush to find evidence. He hurries Mr. .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12 , .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12 .postImageUrl , .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12 , .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12:hover , .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12:visited , .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12:active { border:0!important; } .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12:active , .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12 .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u672ae09ffc838abade7720066c565d12:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: AOL Time Warner Essay Hale through his story with, Lets talk about that later . . . tell now just what happened when you got to the house' (1325). Then he ushers the other two men up the stairs, unthinkingly neglecting the crucial evidence downstairs. To them it is of little importance as they say, Nothing here but kitchen things (1326). Instead of looking at things of the wife, who is in custody, they search all through Johns bed, barn, and other male things for evidence. The women regard these men, between themselves, as snooping around and criticizing' (1327) and .

Find the best careers for your ISTJ personality type

Find the best careers for your ISTJ personality type When you’re thinking about your career path, you probably consider things like location, education level, skills you already have (or are willing to build), and other highly practical concerns. But have you ever thought about what job would match your personality? Finding a career that dovetails with your personality type can absolutely help you build long-term career satisfaction. What is an ISTJ, anyway?The steady, organized ISTJ is the third-most-popular Myers-Briggs personality type within the population. ISTJs are broken down into the following components.IntrovertedISTJs tend to stand alone and are comfortable working independently. When you hear the phrase â€Å"self-starter,† this fits an ISTJ perfectly. Introverts tend to be motivated and energized by their own inner drive, rather than feedback or praise from others. This isn’t to say that all ISTJs are lone wolves- rather, they know what they bring to a team and are likely to keep going with the work at hand regardless of what’s going on with other team members.SensingISTJs tend to make decisions based on a rationalization of the available facts and details, rather than abstract concepts. ISTJs like to have the info laid out in front of them. In a brainstorming session, the ISTJ is the one most likely to show up with an outline of evidence to support the ideas he stayed late to write down, the night before. The ITSJ is the one who always has homework done on time, and printed neatly in time for class.ThinkingLogic and reason are the guiding principles for an ISTJ’s thought process. Feelings and instincts tend to take a backseat to a thoughtful analysis of what’s most logical. The ISTJ will have considered all possible angles and all possible outcomes based on data gathered about what’s happened in the past and what’s happening now.JudgingISTJs were voted â€Å"least likely to be a loose cannon† in high school. They’re not impulsive or likely to make a decision based on a gut feeling; rather, they prefer to have a detailed game plan before embarking on a project or task.Careers for ISTJsWith these qualities, ISTJs are likely to respond well to careers that are detail-oriented and require methodical work. ISTJs thrive on organization, problem solving, and productivity. If you want someone to overhaul your processes to improve workflow, or impose order on workplace chaos, an ISTJ is the go-to.If you’re an ISTJ and thinking about what career path could work with your personality, here are a number of different jobs to consider in different fields.If you’re interested in business or finance†¦AccountantAuditorBudget analystCost estimatorFinancial advisorLoan officerManagement consultantOperations analystPurchasing agent or managerReal estate appraiserIf you’re interested in administration†¦Account collectorArchivistBilling clerk or managerBookkeeperExecutive assistant or secretaryFinan cial clerkInformation clerkLogistics managerOffice managerRecords clerkIf you’re interested in information technology†¦Computer engineerComputer network architectComputer programmerDatabase administratorInformation security analystIT project managerIT support specialistSoftware developerSystems analystWeb developerIf you’re interested in the legal world†¦Corrections officerCourt reporterCustoms inspectorDetective or investigatorJudgeLawyerLegal secretaryParalegalProbation officerSecurity guardIf you’re interested in healthcare†¦Biomedical technologistDentistExercise physiologistMedical records technicianMedical transcriptionistOccupational therapistPharmacist or pharmacy technicianPhysician assistantPhysician or surgeonSurgical technologistISTJs can be found in just about every field, so if you have diverse interests to go with your abiding love for paperwork and order, there’s likely to be a job out there for you that perfectly marries you r personality with your skill set. Good luck, ISTJ job hunter!

The Philosophies Influencing Latin America Assignment

The Philosophies Influencing Latin America - Assignment Example The Jesuits generation perpetuated the intellectual traditionalism up to the mid 18th century, and then they tried to modernize the thought of Aristotle. Political chaos hindered the widening of the academic philosophy at the start of the 19th century, but later, positivism was well established in the majority of the Latin American countries (Gaus & Courtland, 2011). New intellectual movements erupted as a reaction against anti positivism in the early the 20th century. Between the 16th and 17th centuries, the philosophies in Latin America had a tendency to strengthen medieval ideas (Oliver, 1998). The Portuguese and Spanish were, therefore, influenced to take up medieval land ownership systems including the relationships between the servants and their masters. The natives were treated as slaves. However, with the Latin Americans’ growing awareness of new philosophies and ideas in Europe and North America, they began adopting them but at a very slow pace (Gaus & Courtland, 2011). For instance, the idea of democracy was relatively established in America by the end of the 1700s, but it took much longer for Latin America to adopt democracy. Marxist philosophy has influenced the continued punitive justice systems, issues of power and human rights. Most of the cultures are still based on the thoughts that Marxist theories describe reality accurately. Caudillos ascended to power mostly by illegal and violent means, although some were highly educated in theology (Oliver, 1998). There were groups of caudillos that were social liberals, while others favored free markets. However, most hindered the separation of state from government. During their rule, Latin American natives were forced into labor and peasants worked the land for long hours. They also took away the right of the middle-class citizens to vote or own land.  

Australian Immigration Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Australian Immigration Policies - Essay Example Within the party, his evident energetic commitment to public service and his active loyalty to Labour Party principles and political precepts contributed to both his growing popularity within Labour Party circles and ever-increasing public visibility. It was thus that in 1931 he became the President of the Victorian Labour Party and, in 1940, the MP for Melbourne in the Australian House of Representatives. During the war years, he served as Minister of Information in Curtin’s government and, from 1945 to 1949, the Minister of Immigration in Chifley’s government. As may be deduced from the foregoing biographical information, Calwell was a consummate politician, as evidenced in his elected to Victorian Labour Party presidency, his election to the House of Representatives and, importantly, in his appointment to ministerial positions in two consecutive governments. More importantly, he was a consummate politician of strong beliefs, largely evidenced in his staunch commitmen t to Roman Catholicism. The importance of the above-cited biographical information lies in its exposition of Calwell’s political temperament and the clues it provides to his visions of and for Australian society. As some scholars have pointed out, amongst whom one may mention Albinski, Ozdowski, and Jupp, Caldwell’s background immediately informed his political temperament and, thus, his immigration policies.... from the foregoing biographical information, Calwell was a consummate politician, as evidenced in his elected to Victorian Labour Party presidency, his election to the House of Representatives and, importantly, in his appointment to ministerial positions in two consecutive governments. More importantly, he was a consummate politician of strong beliefs, largely evidenced in his staunch commitment to Roman Catholicism. The importance of the above-cited biographical information lies in its exposition of Calwell's political temperament and the clues it provides to his visions of and for Australian society. As some scholars have pointed out, amongst whom one may mention Albinski,4 Ozdowski5 and Jupp,6 Caldwell's background immediately informed his political temperament and, thus, his immigration policies. As the descendant of immigrants to Australia, he was staunchly pro-immigration. As an Anglo-Saxon Catholic, however, whose loyalties were to Western Christian heritage and culture, he was unequivocally pro-White European immigration to Australia, and not immigration per se.7 In essence, he advocated European immigration to Australia, as opposed to Asian, for example, because he saw in European immigration the fortification and solidification of Australia's Western and Christian cultural heritage and Anglo-Saxon Caucasian ethnic majority. In other words, Calwell advocated a selective immigration policy which would constructively contribute to the populating of Australia, without undermining the nation's hegemonic culture or introducing challen ges to its Anglo-Saxon Christian ethnic majority. Informed and influenced by Calwell's background and political temperament, Australia's post-World War II immigration policies was a highly selective one.